Judicial justice and its impact on preserving acquired contractual rights between Iraqi and Iranian law

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Seminary and University Research Institute, Qom, Iran

2 PhD Student, Faculty of Law, University Of Qom, Qom, Iran

10.22091/jcem.2024.11646.1042

Abstract

Contracts are one of the transactional and effective units in today's countries, whether in the social, economic or political sphere. Different departments rely on the administrative contracts method. Administrative contracts are characterized by the ease and simplicity of their implementation, their subjection to general legal provisions, and their connection to the role of the administrative judiciary, which contributes to making decisions on issues arising from these contracts. The research sought to clarify judicial justice and its impact on preserving contractual rights acquired between Iraqi and Iranian law, and through the analytical approach. Comparative analysis was done regarding the contractual rights acquired in both Iraqi and Iranian law, and the administration, although it has the characteristics of a public authority, does not have the freedom to contract, so the law intervenes to determine the method of concluding administrative contracts, which is considered the best method of contracting according to the legal conditions and characteristics, and it came out. The research includes a set of results, including the agreement of Iraqi and Iranian law to adopt a double standard to distinguish the administrative contract from other civil contracts, as it is not sufficient to consider the contract administrative if it relates to the activity of a public utility, unless it involves exceptional and unusual circumstances.

Keywords

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النتائج

1- إن من أهم شروط العقود في القانون العراقي والإيراني استيفاء صكوك القانون العام لكي يكون العقد عقداً إدارياً، وهو يعتبر بحق الشرط الأساسي لإضفاء الصفة الإدارية على العقد، وهو المعيار اللازم والحاسم لتحديد طبيعة العقود الإدارية، لأن القانون العام في قواعده التي تحكم العقود الإدارية وتنفذها ينص على أساليب وشروط استثنائية غير مألوفة في تعاقدات القانون الخاص.

2- يعتبر العقد عقداً إدارياً عندما يتعلق مباشرة بإنشاء المرفق العام وتيسيره، أو عندما يشارك أو يساهم في تيسير المرفق العام وإدارته واستخدامه وتنفيذه.

3- يتفق الفقه العراقي والفقه الإيراني على اعتماد معيار مزدوج لتمييز العقد الإداري عن غيره من العقود المدنية الأخرى، إذ لا يكفي لاعتبار العقد إداريًّا إذا كان يتعلق بنشاط مرفق عام، إلا إذا انطوى على ظروف استثنائية وغير عادية.

4- تتميز العقود الإدارية في القانونين العراقي والإيراني على السواء بالحق في الرقابة التوجيهية أثناء تنفيذها، والحق في تعديل العقد من جانب واحد وفسخه وفقاً لمبدأ الوفاء بالعهد، والحق في فرض العقوبات دون اللجوء إلى القضاء، وكل هذه الحقوق تهدف إلى ضمان سير العمل في الخدمات العامة بشكل منظم ومتماسك لضمان المصلحة العامة..

ثانيًا: التوصيات

نوصي بأن ينشئ المشرّعان الإيراني والعراقي آليات دقيقة الأثر لتحديد عيب عدم المشروعية، وهو في الممارسة العملية أحد أكثر جوانب الإلغاء شيوعاً وتكراراً. إن مراجعة القضاء الإداري لحيثيات العقد ليست مراجعة خارجية، كما هو الحال في مراجعة الاختصاص والشكل والإجراءات المذكورة أعلاه، بل هي مراجعة داخلية تركز على حيثيات العقد وتهدف إلى التأكد من مشروعيته أو عدم مشروعيته.

References

  1. Sources and References

    First: Arabic Books

    1. Anas Jaafar, (2011) Administrative Contracts, Dar Al Nahda Al Arabiya. Cairo, 5th ed.
    2. Tharwat Badawi, (1957) The Distinctive Criterion of the Administrative Contract, Law and Economics Magazine, Issue 3, 4.
    3. Tharwat Badawi, (1963), The Authority of the Administration to Amend its Administrative Contracts, Dar Al Nahda Al Arabiya.
    4. Jawad Kazim Shahata, (2007), Human Rights in Iraq, 1st ed., First Publisher.
    5. George Shafiq Sari, (1996), The Development of the Method and Criterion of Distinctiveness of the Administrative Contract in French and Egyptian Law, Dar Al Nahda Al Arabiya.
    6. Hamid Hanoun, (2015), Human Rights, 1st ed., Dar Al Sanhouri, Baghdad.
    7. Khaled Khalil Al-Zahir, Administrative Law, Book Two, Dar Al Masirah for Publishing, Distribution and Printing.
    8. Rajab Abdul Karim Abdul Allah (2000), Contract Negotiation, Dar Al Nahda Al Arabiya, Cairo.
    9. Riad Aziz Hadi and Raad Naji Al-Jeddah (2009), Human Rights, Children and Democracy, 1st ed., Al-Atik for Book Industry, Beirut.
    10. Saadi Muhammad Al-Khatib (2011), Human Rights and Their Constitutional Guarantees, 1st ed., Al-Halabi Legal Publications.
    11. Suleiman Muhammad Al-Tamawi (1971), A Brief Introduction to Administrative Judiciary, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.
    12. Suleiman Muhammad Al-Tamawi (1991), General Foundations of Administrative Contracts, Ain Shams Press, Cairo.
    13. Saleh Ibrahim Ahmed Al-Mutyoubi (2002), Judicial Oversight of Violation of the Law in Administrative Decisions, without a publisher.
    14. Abdul Razek Ahmed Al-Sanhouri (1998), Contract Theory, Part 1, Dar Al-Fikr.
    15. Ali Abdul Razzaq Al-Zubaidi (2009), Human Rights, 1st ed., Dar Al-Baroudi, Jordan.
    16. Ammar Awadi (2002), Administrative Law, Administrative Activity, Part Two, First Edition, Office of University Publications, Algeria.
    17. Katouzian, Nasser. (1364 AH). Civil Laws - Contract Rules, Tehran.
    18. Majed Ragheb Al-Helou (2007), Administrative Contracts, Dar Al-Jamiah.
    19. Muhammad Saeed Amin (2013), General Principles in Implementing the Administrative Contract, Dar Al-Thaqafa Al-Jamiah.
    20. Nawaf Kanaan (2009), Administrative Law, Book Two, Dar Al-Thaqafa for Publishing and Distribution, p. 319.

    Second: Theses and Dissertations

    1. Salama Faris Arab (1998), Means of Addressing the Imbalance in Contractual Relations in International Trade Law, PhD Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Law, Cairo University.

    Third: Research

    1. Tharwat Badawi (1957), The Distinctive Criterion of the Administrative Contract, Journal of Law and Economics, Issue 3, 4.
    2. Maher Salah Alawi (1990), Obvious Administrative Error and Judicial Oversight thereof, Journal of Legal Sciences, Issue 1-2.
    3. Mohi El-Din Ismail Alam El-Din (1985), The Explicit Terminating Condition in the Judgments of the Egyptian Court of Cassation, a research published in the Journal of Government Cases Management, Issue 1, Year 29.

    Fourth: Laws

    1. Iranian Civil Law of 1928
    2. Iraqi Civil Law No. 40 of 1951.
    3. Consumer Protection Law in Iraq No. 1 of 2010.
    4. Ruling of the Supreme Administrative Court in Appeal (631), Session 2/2/1993.
    5. Instructions for the Implementation of Iraqi Government Contracts for the Year (2008).
    6. The Iraqi Court of Cassation, its ruling dated 4/20/1968
    7. The Iraqi Court of Cassation, its ruling dated 7/28/1966, published in the Legal Codification Magazine, Issue Two, (1969)
Legal studies for Islamic countries
Volume 2, Issue 1 - Serial Number 2
January 2025
Pages 121-146

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History

  • Receive Date: 01 October 2024
  • Revise Date: 07 November 2024
  • Accept Date: 04 December 2024
  • First Publish Date: 07 December 2024
  • Publish Date: 06 January 2025

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